Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) uses 4-6 primers recognizing 6-8 distinct regions of target DNA for a highly specific amplification reaction. A strand-displacing DNA polymerase initiates synthesis and 2 specially designed primers form “loop” structures to facilitate subsequent rounds of amplification through extension on the loops and additional annealing of primers. DNA products are very long (>20 kb) and formed from numerous repeats of the short (80–250 bp) target sequence, connected with single-stranded loop regions in long concatamers. These products are not typically appropriate for downstream manipulation, but target amplification is so extensive that numerous modes of detection are possible. Real-time fluorescence detection using intercalators or probes, lateral flow and agarose gel detection are all directly compatible with LAMP reactions. Instrumentation for LAMP typically requires consistent heating to the desired reaction temperature and, where needed, real-time fluorescence for quantitative measurements. Optimized settings for running LAMP experiments on isothermal instruments can be found here.

In addition to the more traditional or complex detection methods, LAMP is so prolific that the products and byproducts of these reactions can also be visualized by eye. For example, magnesium pyrophosphate produced during the reaction can be observed as a white precipitate or added indicators like calcein or hydroxynaphthol blue can be used to signal a positive reaction. Alternatively, using the 2X Colorimetric LAMP Master Mix developed by NEB enables a strong color change from pink to yellow based on a pH change during the reaction.

Designing LAMP primers can be challenging, but software tools greatly facilitate this process. We suggest using PrimerExplorer (Eiken) to design LAMP primers. After inputting a DNA or RNA sequence of interest, PrimerExplorer will identify suitable target regions and create the outer F3/B3 and looping inner FIP/BIP primers in a single step. The LoopF/LoopB primers, that accelerate the LAMP reaction, are created in a second step and are strongly recommended for best performance.

LAMP is well-suited for point-of-care and field diagnostics and LAMP assays have been designed for the detection of a wide range of RNA and DNA targets from all manner of sample types. Examples include tests for:

• Rapid detection of coronavirus (COVID-19) RNA 
• Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Universal Transport Medium
• Filariasis in humans and insects
• Food and water quality in-field applications
• Detection of the Zika virus in human samples

The LAMP reaction is robust and tolerant of inhibitors, allowing for crude sample prep and minimal nucleic acid purification if desired. WarmStart^® RTx and Bst 2.0 WarmStart were developed for optimal performance in LAMP/RT-LAMP and are combined in convenient LAMP Master Mixes to simplify assay design.